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There are three different forms that are used by exchanges, employers, and health insurance companies to report health insurance coverage to the IRS, although some health plans no longer send these forms, as described below. And there are two health insurance-related forms that some tax filers need to complete when they file their return.
If you have specific questions about your situation, consult a tax advisor or the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program.
Most individuals don’t have to do anything on their tax returns pertaining to health insurance. (For 2014 through 2018 tax years, most people were able to simply check the box for “full-year health care coverage” on their tax return and carry on. That box is no longer part of the federal tax return, as there’s no longer a federal penalty for being uninsured – although it is part of the state tax return in California, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and DC.)
Here’s an overview of the new forms that individuals have been receiving since early 2015:
Form 1095-A is your proof that you had Marketplace/exchange health insurance coverage during the year, and it’s also used to reconcile your premium subsidy on your tax return, using Form 8962 (details below).
This form includes information about:
Form 1095-A is essential for preparing your tax return if you received a premium subsidy or if you paid full price for coverage through the exchange and want to claim the premium subsidy on your tax return. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services advise that if you got your coverage through the exchange, you shouldn’t file your federal tax return until you receive an accurate Form 1095-A.
Form 1095-A is sent to the IRS and the policyholder by the health insurance exchanges (HealthCare.gov or a state-based exchange, depending on the state).
Your 1095-A should be available online through your exchange/Marketplace account in January, and the exchange should also send it to you by early-mid February (by email, regular mail, or both, depending on the preference you indicated when you enrolled). If delivery of your 1095-A is delayed or the information on it is incorrect, you can contact your exchange.
If you receive Form 1095-A and it has an error, you can contact the Marketplace to ask it to issue a corrected form. You might see an error if, for example, you switched plans mid-year, only had Marketplace coverage for part of the year, or adjusted your subsidy amount mid-year.
One consumer’s experience was that if you’re in a state that uses HealthCare.gov and you paid full price for your Marketplace plan during the year (meaning no subsidy was paid on your behalf during the year), you might find that all of the entries for the cost of the second-lowest-cost Silver plan are listed as $0, even though that’s obviously not correct. 1
If your 1095-A shows all zeros in that column, you can use this tool to find out what the second-lowest-cost Silver plan cost during the previous year. (It’s recommended that you print it out and keep it with your 1095-A, in case you need it again in the future). Then you can use that information to fill out Form 8962 and claim any premium tax credit that you’re owed, if applicable.
Form 1095-B essentially just shows who was covered, and which months of the year they had coverage. Form 1095-B is issued by health insurance companies (for plans that aren’t Marketplace individual/family coverage) and other entities such as state Medicaid agencies. If you buy your own coverage outside the exchange, you’ll receive Form 1095-B instead of Form 1095-A (or you may not receive anything at all, depending on the insurer and the state where you live).
Premium subsidies aren’t available for plans that send a 1095-B. And there’s no longer a penalty for being without health insurance (unless you’re in a state that has its own individual mandate penalty) so having proof of coverage isn’t as important as it was prior to 2019. Some states still impose a penalty for being uninsured, but unless you’re in one of those states, Form 1095-B is no longer necessary.
Some entities that used to send Form 1095-B – such as some states’ Medicaid agencies – are no longer sending this form (see IRS regulations about this). This is because people in most states no longer need to prove that they had coverage during the year, and there is no longer a box on the federal tax return asking whether the tax filer had health insurance.
This form is mailed to the IRS and to the insured member by health insurance carriers, government-sponsored plans such as Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP, and self-insured small employers. But you may have to request Form 1095-B if you want it, as it may not be sent to you automatically the way it was in the past.
Form 1095-C is sent out by large employers who are required to offer health insurance coverage as a provision of the ACA. This applies to employers with 50 or more full-time equivalent employees (ie, Applicable Large Employers). Form 1095-C is sent to the IRS and full-time employees (30+ hours per week). It’s provided to all employees who were eligible to enroll in the employer’s plan, regardless of whether the employee enrolled in the plan or not.
If you were enrolled in your employer’s plan or opted to be uninsured, Form 1095-C is generally not necessary when you’re filing your taxes. (As is the case for Form 1095-B, you may need proof of health insurance coverage if you’re in a state that imposes a penalty for being uninsured; Form 1095-C will serve as that proof.)
Most people will only receive one of those three forms, and some people won’t receive any of them, despite having health coverage. But there are some circumstances where you might receive more than one.
For example, if you work for a large company and have access to coverage from your employer, but you opted to buy coverage in the exchange instead, you’d receive Forms 1095-A and 1095-C. The 1095-C would indicate that you were offered employer-sponsored coverage, even though you declined it.
(Note that if you rejected an employer’s offer of coverage and enrolled in a Marketplace plan instead, Marketplace subsidies are not available if the employer’s plan was considered affordable and would have provided minimum value. If you receive both a 1095-A and a 1095-C for the same months of the year, you’ll want to consult with a CPA to make sure that your premium tax credit, if applicable, is correctly reconciled.)
And if you switched from an individual plan to a plan offered by a large employer mid-year, you’ll end up with a form from each of them. Whatever forms you receive are also received by the IRS, so everyone is on the same page.
Forms 1095-A, B, and C may be delivered electronically or on paper, depending on whether you opted for electronic delivery. You’ll use the information on the form to complete your tax return, but you keep it with your records (don’t attach it to your tax return.)
If you had health insurance sponsored by a small business and obtained through a SHOP exchange, you will not receive any Form 1095 from the exchange (in most states, the exchange no longer facilitates small group enrollment, but some states do; even in those states, the exchange does not send any Form 1095 for small group enrollees).
But you may receive a Form 1095-B from the insurance company that provided your employer’s plan. And if your employer has 50 or more employees, you will receive a Form 1095-C from the employer. As described above, neither of these forms is necessary when you’re filing your federal tax return. And unless you’re in a state that imposes an individual mandate penalty, you don’t need to address health insurance on your state tax return either.
Forms 1095-A (from the Marketplace) must be sent to enrollees by January 31 of the following year. 2 They sometimes take a while to arrive, so it may be February before you receive yours; as noted above, you can log into your exchange account online and see your 1095-A if you didn’t receive it in the mail or have misplaced it.
Forms 1095-B and 1095-C have to be distributed to enrollees by March 2, or by March 1 in a leap year. (They must be filed with the IRS by February 28, or by March 31 if filing electronically.) 3
So depending on how you obtained your health insurance in the previous year, your form may arrive in January, February, or March. If you don’t get your form in a timely manner, you can contact the exchange, your health insurance carrier, or your employer, depending on who should be sending you a form.
If you received a premium subsidy from the Marketplace/exchange – or if you paid full price through the exchange but are eligible to claim the subsidy on your tax return – you have to complete Form 8962 with your tax return.
If you received a subsidy and fail to complete Form 8962 for two consecutive years, you won’t be able to continue receiving a subsidy going forward, so this form is essential for the millions of people who are receiving premium subsidies in the exchange. (Subsidies used to be suspended after one year of not completing Form 8962, but this rule was suspended during the COVID pandemic. And HHS finalized a rule change for 2024 and future years that calls for the suspension of subsidies only after a person has failed to complete Form 8962 for two consecutive years).
If you paid full price for a Marketplace plan during the year and are eligible for the premium tax credit — or if you received some premium tax credit but are eligible for more — you’ll use Form 8962 to claim your premium tax credit. The information on Form 1095-A is used to complete Form 8962.
(Note that Form 8962 was not required for the 2020 tax year unless a person wanted to claim additional premium tax credits; excess premium tax credits did not have to be repaid for 2020.)
For people who didn’t have minimum essential coverage at any point between 2014 and 2018, Form 8965 was used to claim exemptions from the individual mandate penalty, if applicable. Exemptions granted by the IRS are no longer necessary (as there’s no longer a federal penalty for being uninsured), so this form is no longer needed for current tax returns.
But some states have individual mandates now, and residents can access state tax forms for claiming exemptions. The health insurance exchanges can also still provide exemptions from the individual mandate, which are necessary to enroll in a catastrophic health plan if you’re 30 or older (note that the exchanges use their own form for this; it’s not a tax form).
Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.
